关于独立主格
关于独立主格（ absolute construction）
实质： 带有自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句。
分类： 不定式独立主格/ ing分词独立主格/ ed分词独立主格/无动词独立主格
A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle( 腰带), and so on.
Jim climbed slowly up the creaking steps, his courage slipping away at every step.
There being nothing else to do, we left.
His voice drowned by the noise, the speaker interrupted his lecture.
He went off, gun in hand.
The floor being wet and slippery, we stayed outside.
The meal over, prayers were read by Miss Miller.
作用： 状语分句
用法和意义：
1） 独立主格与主语之间通常用逗号隔开， 但也有用破折号的。 例如：
The room was in chaos------dirty clothes strewn on the floor, cosmetics scattered over the dresser, empty bottles and cans everywhere.
2) 在独立主格中作主语的名词词组有时可以省略限定词。
The manager sat quietly in the office, ( his) eyes closed.
3) 独立主格的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首，句中或是句尾。
All things considered, I think I ought to award the job to Smith.
He stood in the door-way, his wet cloak dripping water on the rug, and waited for some sign of recognition.
Cartwright sat there in silence, his right cheek twitching as usual.
4) 如果一个句子含有几个独立主格，通常是把表示概括意义的结果放置于最后。
The professor was slammed against the wall, his body frisked, his wrists handcuffed, his dignity lost.
5) 独立主格可以表示时间
His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. =After his homework was done, Jim……
The meal over, we began to wok again. = When the meal was over, we ……
6) 表示原因
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. =Because the last bus had gone, we…….
His shirt caught on a nail, he could not move. =As his shirt was caught on a nail, he……
7) 表示条件
Weather permitting, the cricket match will be on Wednesday.
= If weather permits, the cricket match……
8) 表示方式和伴随状况
He entered upon the new enterprise cautiously, his eyes wide-open. =with his eyes wide-open.
He sat at the table , collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter.
独立主格可以变为由with 引导的介词词组， 而表示否定意义的独立主格就可以由without 引导的介词词组。
The war was over without a shot being fired.
Without anyone noticing, I slipped through the window.
I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.
