1. ´Ì(stack)»P°ï(heap)³£¬OJava¥Î¨Ó¦bRam¤¤¦s©ñ¼Æ¾Úªº¦a¤è¡C»PC++¤£¦P¡AJava¦Û°ÊºÞ²z´Ì©M°ï¡Aµ{¦¡û¤£¯àª½±µ¦a³]¸m´Ì©Î°ï¡C
2. ´ÌªºÀu¶Õ¬O¡A¦s¨ú³t«×¤ñ°ïn§Ö¡A¶È¦¸©óª½±µ¦ì©óCPU¤¤ªº±H¦s¾¹¡C¦ý¯ÊÂI¬O¡A¦s¦b´Ì¤¤ªº¼Æ¾Ú¤j¤p»P¥Í¦s´Á¥²¶·¬O½T©wªº¡A¯Ê¥FÆF¬¡©Ê¡C¥t¥~¡A´Ì¼Æ¾Ú¥i¥H¦@¥Î¡A¸Ô¨£²Ä3ÂI¡C°ïªºÀu¶Õ¬O¥i¥H°ÊºA¦a¤À°t°O¾ÐÅé¤j¤p¡A¥Í¦s´Á¤]¤£¥²¨Æ¥ý§i¶D½sĶ¾¹¡AJavaªº©U§£¦¬¶°¾¹·|¦Û°Ê¦¬¨«³o¨Ç¤£¦A¨Ï¥Îªº¼Æ¾Ú¡C¦ý¯ÊÂI¬O¡A¥Ñ©ón¦b¹B¦æ®É°ÊºA¤À°t°O¾ÐÅé¡A¦s¨ú³t«×¸ûºC¡C
3. Java¤¤ªº¼Æ¾ÚÃþ«¬¦³¨âºØ¡C
¤@ºØ¬O°ò¥»Ãþ«¬(primitive types), ¦@¦³8ºØ¡A§Yint, short, long, byte, float, double, boolean, char(ª`·N¡A¨Ã¨S¦³stringªº°ò¥»Ãþ«¬)¡C³oºØÃþ«¬ªº©w¸q¬O³q¹L½Ñ¦pint a = 3; long b = 255L;ªº§Î¦¡¨Ó©w¸qªº¡AºÙ¬°¦Û°ÊÅܼơCȱoª`·Nªº¬O¡A¦Û°ÊÅܼƦsªº¬O¦r±È¡A¤£¬OÃþªº¹ê¨Ò¡A§Y¤£¬OÃþªº¤Þ¥Î¡A³o¸Ì¨Ã¨S¦³Ãþªº¦s¦b¡C¦pint a = 3; ³o¸Ìªºa¬O¤@Ó«ü¦VintÃþ«¬ªº¤Þ¥Î¡A«ü¦V3³oÓ¦r±È¡C³o¨Ç¦r±Èªº¼Æ¾Ú¡A¥Ñ©ó¤j¤p¥iª¾¡A¥Í¦s´Á¥iª¾(³o¨Ç¦r±È©T©w©w¸q¦b¬YÓµ{¦¡¶ôùر¡Aµ{¦¡¶ô°h¥X«á¡A¦r¬qÈ´N®ø¥¢¤F)¡A¥X©ó°l¨D³t«×ªºì¦]¡A´N¦s¦b©ó´Ì¤¤¡C
¥t¥~¡A´Ì¦³¤@Ó«Ü«nªº¯S®í©Ê¡A´N¬O¦s¦b´Ì¤¤ªº¼Æ¾Ú¥i¥H¦@¥Î¡C°²³]§Ú̦P®É©w¸q¡G
int a = 3;
int b = 3¡F
½sĶ¾¹¥ý³B²zint a = 3¡Fº¥ý¥¦·|¦b´Ì¤¤³Ð«Ø¤@ÓÅܼƬ°aªº¤Þ¥Î¡AµM«á·j´M¦³¨S¦³¦r±È¬°3ªº¦a§}¡A¨S§ä¨ì¡A´N¶}ÅP¤@Ó¦s©ñ3³oÓ¦r±Èªº¦a§}¡AµM«á±Na«ü¦V3ªº¦a§}¡C±µµÛ³B²zint b = 3¡F¦b³Ð«Ø§¹bªº¤Þ¥ÎÅܼƫá¡A¥Ñ©ó¦b´Ì¤¤¤w¸g¦³3³oÓ¦r±È¡A«K±Nbª½±µ«ü¦V3ªº¦a§}¡C³o¼Ë¡A´N¥X²{¤Fa»Pb¦P®É§¡«ü¦V3ªº±¡ªp¡C
¯S§Oª`·Nªº¬O¡A³oºØ¦r±Èªº¤Þ¥Î»PÃþ¹ï¶Hªº¤Þ¥Î¤£¦P¡C°²©w¨âÓÃþ¹ï¶Hªº¤Þ¥Î¦P®É«ü¦V¤@Ó¹ï¶H¡A¦pªG¤@Ó¹ï¶H¤Þ¥ÎÅܼÆקï¤F³oÓ¹ï¶Hªº¤º³¡ª¬ºA¡A¨º»ò¥t¤@Ó¹ï¶H¤Þ¥ÎÅܼƤ]§Y¨è¤Ï¬M¥X³oÓÅܤơC¬Û¤Ï¡A³q¹L¦r±Èªº¤Þ¥Î¨Óקï¨äÈ¡A¤£·|¾ÉP¥t¤@Ó«ü¦V¦¹¦r±Èªº¤Þ¥ÎªºÈ¤]¸òµÛ§ïÅܪº±¡ªp¡C¦p¤W¨Ò¡A§ÚÌ©w¸q§¹a»PbªºÈ«á¡A¦A¥Oa=4¡F¨º»ò¡Ab¤£·|µ¥©ó4¡AÁÙ¬Oµ¥©ó3¡C¦b½sĶ¾¹¤º³¡¡A¹J¨ìa=4¡F®É¡A¥¦´N·|«·s·j¯Á´Ì¤¤¬O§_¦³4ªº¦r±È¡A¦pªG¨S¦³¡A«·s¶}ÅP¦a§}¦s©ñ4ªºÈ¡F¦pªG¤w¸g¦³¤F¡A«hª½±µ±Na«ü¦V³oÓ¦a§}¡C¦]¦¹aȪº§ïÅܤ£·|¼vÅT¨ìbªºÈ¡C
¥t¤@ºØ¬O¥]¸ËÃþ¼Æ¾Ú¡A¦pInteger, String, Doubleµ¥±N¬ÛÀ³ªº°ò¥»¼Æ¾ÚÃþ«¬¥]¸Ë°_¨ÓªºÃþ¡C³o¨ÇÃþ¼Æ¾Ú¥þ³¡¦s¦b©ó°ï¤¤¡AJava¥Înew()»y¥y¨ÓÅã¥Ü¦a§i¶D½sĶ¾¹¡A¦b¹B¦æ®É¤~®Ú¾Ú»Ýn°ÊºA³Ð«Ø¡A¦]¦¹¤ñ¸ûÆF¬¡¡A¦ý¯ÊÂI¬On¦û¥Î§ó¦hªº®É¶¡¡C 4. String¬O¤@Ó¯S®íªº¥]¸ËÃþ¼Æ¾Ú¡C§Y¥i¥H¥ÎString str = new String("abc");ªº§Î¦¡¨Ó³Ð«Ø¡A¤]¥i¥H¥ÎString str = "abc"¡Fªº§Î¦¡¨Ó³Ð«Ø(§@¬°¹ï¤ñ¡A¦bJDK 5.0¤§«e¡A§A±q¥¼¨£¹LInteger i = 3;ªº¹Bºâ¦¡¡A¦]¬°Ãþ»P¦r±È¬O¤£¯à³q¥Îªº¡A°£¤FString¡C¦Ó¦bJDK 5.0¤¤¡A³oºØ¹Bºâ¦¡¬O¥i¥Hªº¡I¦]¬°½sĶ¾¹¦b«á»O¶i¦æInteger i = new Integer(3)ªºÂà´«)¡C«eªÌ¬O³W½dªºÃþªº³Ð«Ø¹Lµ{¡A§Y¦bJava¤¤¡A¤@¤Á³£¬O¹ï¶H¡A¦Ó¹ï¹³¬OÃþªº¹ê¨Ò¡A¥þ³¡³q¹Lnew()ªº§Î¦¡¨Ó³Ð«Ø¡CJava¤¤ªº¦³¨ÇÃþ¡A¦pDateFormatÃþ¡A¥i¥H³q¹L¸ÓÃþªºgetInstance()¤èªk¨Óªð¦^¤@Ó·s³Ð«ØªºÃþ¡A¦ü¥G¹H¤Ï¤F¦¹ì«h¡C¨ä¹ê¤£µM¡C¸ÓÃþ¹B¥Î¤F³æ¨Ò¼Ò¦¡¨Óªð¦^Ãþªº¹ê¨Ò¡A¥u¤£¹L³oÓ¹ê¨Ò¬O¦b¸ÓÃþ¤º³¡³q¹Lnew()¨Ó³Ð«Øªº¡A¦ÓgetInstance()¦V¥~³¡ÁôÂäF¦¹²Ó¸`¡C¨º¬°¤°»ò¦bString str = "abc"¡F¤¤¡A¨Ã¨S¦³³q¹Lnew()¨Ó³Ð«Ø¹ê¨Ò¡A¬O¤£¬O¹H¤Ï¤F¤Wzì«h¡H¨ä¹ê¨S¦³¡C
5. Ãö©óString str = "abc"ªº¤º³¡¤u§@¡CJava¤º³¡±N¦¹»y¥yÂà¤Æ¬°¥H¤U´XÓ¨BÆJ¡G
(1)¥ý©w¸q¤@Ó¦W¬°strªº¹ïStringÃþªº¹ï¶H¤Þ¥ÎÅܼơGString str¡F
(2)¦b´Ì¤¤·j´M¦³¨S¦³¦s©ñȬ°"abc"ªº¦a§}¡A¦pªG¨S¦³¡A«h¶}ÅP¤@Ó¦s©ñ¦r±È¬°"abc"ªº¦a§}¡A±µµÛ³Ð«Ø¤@Ó·sªºStringÃþªº¹ï¶Ho¡A¨Ã±Noªº¦r²Å¦êÈ«ü¦V³oÓ¦a§}¡A¦Ó¥B¦b´Ì¤¤³oÓ¦a§}®ÇÃä°O¤U³oӤޥΪº¹ï¶Ho¡C¦pªG¤w¸g¦³¤FȬ°"abc"ªº¦a§}¡A«h·j´M¹ï¶Ho¡A¨Ãªð¦^oªº¦a§}¡C
(3)±Nstr«ü¦V¹ï¶Hoªº¦a§}¡C
ȱoª`·Nªº¬O¡A¤@¯ëStringÃþ¤¤¦r²Å¦êȳ£¬Oª½±µ¦sȪº¡C¦ý¹³String str = "abc"¡F³oºØ³õ¦X¤U¡A¨ä¦r²Å¦êÈ«o¬O«O¦s¤F¤@Ó«ü¦V¦s¦b´Ì¤¤¼Æ¾Úªº¤Þ¥Î¡I
¬°¤F§ó¦n¦a»¡©ú³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥H³q¹L¥H¤Uªº´XÓ¥N½X¶i¦æÅçÃÒ¡C
String str1 = "abc";
String str2 = "abc";
System.out.println(str1==str2); //true
ª`·N¡A§Ú̳o¸Ì¨Ã¤£¥Îstr1.equals(str2)¡Fªº¤è¦¡¡A¦]¬°³o±N¤ñ¸û¨âÓ¦r²Å¦êªºÈ¬O§_¬Ûµ¥¡C==¸¹¡A®Ú¾ÚJDKªº»¡©ú¡A¥u¦³¦b¨âӤޥ㣫ü¦V¤F¦P¤@Ó¹ï¶H®É¤~ªð¦^¯uÈ¡C¦Ó§Ú̦b³o¸Ìn¬Ýªº¬O¡Astr1»Pstr2¬O§_³£«ü¦V¤F¦P¤@Ó¹ï¶H¡C
µ²ªG»¡©ú¡AJVM³Ð«Ø¤F¨âÓ¤Þ¥Îstr1©Mstr2¡A¦ý¥u³Ð«Ø¤F¤@Ó¹ï¶H¡A¦Ó¥B¨âӤޥ㣫ü¦V¤F³oÓ¹ï¶H¡C
§Ú̦A¨Ó§ó¶i¤@¨B¡A±N¥H¤W¥N½X§ï¦¨¡G
String str1 = "abc";
String str2 = "abc";
str1 = "bcd";
System.out.println(str1 + "," + str2); //bcd, abc
System.out.println(str1==str2); //false
³o´N¬O»¡¡A½áȪºÅܤƾÉP¤FÃþ¹ï¶H¤Þ¥ÎªºÅܤơAstr1«ü¦V¤F¥t¥~¤@Ó·s¹ï¶H¡I¦Óstr2¤´Â«ü¦Vì¨Óªº¹ï¶H¡C¤W¨Ò¤¤¡A·í§Ú̱Nstr1ªºÈ§ï¬°"bcd"®É¡AJVMµo²{¦b´Ì¤¤¨S¦³¦s©ñ¸ÓȪº¦a§}¡A«K¶}ÅP¤F³oÓ¦a§}¡A¨Ã³Ð«Ø¤F¤@Ó·sªº¹ï¶H¡A¨ä¦r²Å¦êªºÈ«ü¦V³oÓ¦a§}¡C
¨Æ¹ê¤W¡AStringÃþ³Q³]p¦¨¬°¤£¥i§ïÅÜ(immutable)ªºÃþ¡C¦pªG§An§ïÅܨäÈ¡A¥i¥H¡A¦ýJVM¦b¹B¦æ®É®Ú¾Ú·sÈ®¨®¨³Ð«Ø¤F¤@Ó·s¹ï¶H¡AµM«á±N³oÓ¹ï¶Hªº¦a§}ªð¦^µ¹ì¨ÓÃþªº¤Þ¥Î¡C³oӳЫعLµ{Áö»¡¬O§¹¥þ¦Û°Ê¶i¦æªº¡A¦ý¥¦²¦³º¦û¥Î¤F§ó¦hªº®É¶¡¡C¦b¹ï®É¶¡n¨D¤ñ¸û±Ó·PªºÀô¹Ò¤¤¡A·|±a¦³¤@©wªº¤£¨}¼vÅT¡C
¦Aקïì¨Ó¥N½X¡G
String str1 = "abc";
String str2 = "abc";
str1 = "bcd";
String str3 = str1;
System.out.println(str3); //bcd
String str4 = "bcd";
System.out.println(str1 == str4); //true
str3³oÓ¹ï¶Hªº¤Þ¥Îª½±µ«ü¦Vstr1©Ò«ü¦Vªº¹ï¶H(ª`·N¡Astr3¨Ã¨S¦³³Ð«Ø·s¹ï¶H)¡C·ístr1§ï§¹¨äÈ«á¡A¦A³Ð«Ø¤@ÓStringªº¤Þ¥Îstr4¡A¨Ã«ü¦V¦]str1קïȦӳЫتº·sªº¹ï¶H¡C¥i¥Hµo²{¡A³o¦^str4¤]¨S¦³³Ð«Ø·sªº¹ï¶H¡A±q¦Ó¦A¦¸¹ê²{´Ì¤¤¼Æ¾Úªº¦@¥Î¡C
§Ú̦A±µµÛ¬Ý¥H¤Uªº¥N½X¡C
String str1 = new String("abc");
String str2 = "abc";
System.out.println(str1==str2); //false
³Ð«Ø¤F¨âӤޥΡC³Ð«Ø¤F¨âÓ¹ï¶H¡C¨âӤޥΤÀ§O«ü¦V¤£¦Pªº¨âÓ¹ï¶H¡C
String str1 = "abc";
String str2 = new String("abc");
System.out.println(str1==str2); //false
³Ð«Ø¤F¨âӤޥΡC³Ð«Ø¤F¨âÓ¹ï¶H¡C¨âӤޥΤÀ§O«ü¦V¤£¦Pªº¨âÓ¹ï¶H¡C
¥H¤W¨â¬q¥N½X»¡©ú¡A¥un¬O¥Înew()¨Ó·s«Ø¹ï¶Hªº¡A³£·|¦b°ï¤¤³Ð«Ø¡A¦Ó¥B¨ä¦r²Å¦ê¬O³æ¿W¦sȪº¡A§Y¨Ï»P´Ì¤¤ªº¼Æ¾Ú¬Û¦P¡A¤]¤£·|»P´Ì¤¤ªº¼Æ¾Ú¦@¥Î¡C
6. ¼Æ¾ÚÃþ«¬¥]¸ËÃþªºÈ¤£¥iקï¡C¤£¶È¶È¬OStringÃþªºÈ¤£¥iקï¡A©Ò¦³ªº¼Æ¾ÚÃþ«¬¥]¸ËÃþ³£¤£¯à§ó§ï¨ä¤º³¡ªºÈ¡C 7. µ²½×»P«Øij¡G
(1)§Ú̦b¨Ï¥Î½Ñ¦pString str = "abc"¡Fªº®æ¦¡©w¸qÃþ®É¡AÁ`¬O·Q·íµM¦a»{¬°¡A§Ú̳ЫؤFStringÃþªº¹ï¶Hstr¡C¾á¤ß³´¨À¡I¹ï¶H¥i¯à¨Ã¨S¦³³Q³Ð«Ø¡I°ß¤@¥i¥HªÖ©wªº¬O¡A«ü¦VStringÃþªº¤Þ¥Î³Q³Ð«Ø¤F¡C¦Ü©ó³oӤޥΨ쩳¬O§_«ü¦V¤F¤@Ó·sªº¹ï¶H¡A¥²Å½®Ú¾Ú¤W¤U¤å¨Ó¦Ò¼{¡A°£«D§A³q¹Lnew()¤èªk¨ÓÅãn¦a³Ð«Ø¤@Ó·sªº¹ï¶H¡C¦]¦¹¡A§ó¬°·Ç½Tªº»¡ªk¬O¡A§Ú̳ЫؤF¤@Ó«ü¦VStringÃþªº¹ï¶Hªº¤Þ¥ÎÅܼÆstr¡A³oÓ¹ï¶H¤Þ¥ÎÅܼƫü¦V¤F¬YÓȬ°"abc"ªºStringÃþ¡C²M¿ô¦a»{ÃѨì³o¤@ÂI¹ï±Æ°£µ{¦¡¤¤Ãø¥Hµo²{ªºbug¬O«Ü¦³À°§Uªº¡C
(2)¨Ï¥ÎString str = "abc"¡Fªº¤è¦¡¡A¥i¥H¦b¤@©wµ{«×¤W´£°ªµ{¦¡ªº¹B¦æ³t«×¡A¦]¬°JVM·|¦Û°Ê®Ú¾Ú´Ì¤¤¼Æ¾Úªº¹ê»Ú±¡ªp¨Ó¨M©w¬O§_¦³¥²n³Ð«Ø·s¹ï¶H¡C¦Ó¹ï©óString str = new String("abc")¡Fªº¥N½X¡A«h¤@·§¦b°ï¤¤³Ð«Ø·s¹ï¶H¡A¦Ó¤£ºÞ¨ä¦r²Å¦êȬO§_¬Ûµ¥¡A¬O§_¦³¥²n³Ð«Ø·s¹ï¶H¡A±q¦Ó¥[«¤Fµ{¦¡ªºt¾á¡C³oÓ«ä·QÀ³¸Ó¬O¨É¤¸¼Ò¦¡ªº«ä·Q¡A¦ýJDKªº¤º³¡¦b³o¸Ì¹ê²{¬O§_À³¥Î¤F³oÓ¼Ò¦¡¡A¤£±o¦Óª¾¡C
(3)·í¤ñ¸û¥]¸ËÃþùرªº¼ÆȬO§_¬Ûµ¥®É¡A¥Îequals()¤èªk¡F·í´ú¸Õ¨âÓ¥]¸ËÃþªº¤Þ¥Î¬O§_«ü¦V¦P¤@Ó¹ï¶H®É¡A¥Î==¡C
(4)¥Ñ©óStringÃþªºimmutable©Ê½è¡A·íStringÅܼƻÝn¸g±`ÅÜ´«¨äȮɡAÀ³¸Ó¦Ò¼{¨Ï¥ÎStringBufferÃþ¡A¥H´£°ªµ{¦¡®Ä²v¡C
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