什麼是培里扣關??

yup, perry's black ships did show the incompetence of Edo...
the shogun himself evenasked the opinion of the court in kyoto for the first time...
but it is not the shogan to initiate the restoration,,
the restoration could be complemented only at the expense of the overthrow of the shogun...
major works were done by the low-rank samurai coming from mainly choshu, satsuma, and the Court nobles,, i.e the 維新四傑 in japanese history (no intention to argue whether there should be 3 or 4 傑s...)