小學生開始背irregular verb forms (即past form 及past participle不是將base form/infinitive 加 'ed'/'d'), 一般跟一個簡單的list, 以alphabetical order排.
學到中學或中階,要作鞏固, 就應加强對不規則動詞形式變化語音(phonic/phonological)基礎的意識, 作更有效的聯繫式學習 (learning by association). 以下列出若干以語音變化劃分的動詞式組, 希望學習者有助.
Base Form/Infinitive Past Form Past Participle
Group 1
eat ate eaten
give gave given
forgive forgave forgiven
forbid forbade forbidden
bid bade bidden
('bade'及'bidden' 只用於'.....farewell/goodnight等) 作者: 白貓兒 時間: 2006-11-13 13:22
Group 2
begin began begun
drink drank drunk
ring rang rung
shrink shrank shrunk
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
spring sprang sprung
(美語sprung)
stink stank stunk
swim swam swum
bend bent bent
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
(但 earn earned earned)
dwell dwelt/dwelled dwelt/dwelled
lend lent lent
send sent sent
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
mispell mispelt/mispelled mispelt/mispelled
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled
(但 boil boiled boiled) 作者: 白貓兒 時間: 2006-11-13 13:52
Group 4 all three forms the same
bid bid bid
(當不解bid farewell/goodnight, etc. 時)
bet bet bet
burst burst burst
cast cast cast
broadcast broadcast broadcast
cost cost cost
fit fit fit
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
knit knit knit
(當不解作針織而解作緊密聯接, e.g. closely-knit community)
let let let
put put put
rid rid rid
set set set
beset beset beset
upset upset upset
shed shed shed
shut shut shut
slit slit slit
split split split
spit spit/spat spit/spat
spread spread spread
thrust thrust thrust
wed wed/wedded wed/wedded 作者: 白貓兒 時間: 2006-11-13 14:04
Group 5
beat beat beaten
bite bit bitten
hide hid hidden
drive drove driven
ride rode ridden
rise rose risen
arise arose arisen
write wrote written
smite smote smitten
stride strode stridden
strive strove/ striven/
strived strived
shake shook shaken
take took taken
mistake mistook mistaken
overtake overtook overtaken
forsake forsook forsaken
fall fell fallen
do did done
undo undid undone
overdo overdid overdone
say said said
pay paid paid
lay laid laid
have had had
make made made
hear heard heard
sell sold sold
tell told told
hold held held
uphold upheld upheld
withhold withheld withheld
come came come
become became become
overcome overcame overcome
run ran run
stand stood stood
understand understood understood
withstand withstood withstood
see saw seen
foresee foresaw foreseen
go went gone
forgo forwent forgone
shine shone shone
show showed shown/showed
sit sat sat
spit spat/spit spat/spit
slide slid slid
light lit/lighted lit/lighted
lie i)lied lied 說謊
ii) lay lain 躺卧
Actually many people have misunderstood or not quite grasped the proper way to use past participle, and you often see people combining past participle with "is" or "be"...
The proper use is preceded with "has" or "have" and it is most commonly used to describe something or action that one has begun in the past and still continuing in the present.
For example, I've played tennis since I was 10 years old. 作者: 白貓兒 時間: 2006-11-14 07:43
'Actually many people have misunderstood or not quite grasped the proper way to use past participle, and you often see people combining past participle with "is" or "be"...'
Well, why do you say it is a misunderstanding? There is nothing wrong with combining past participle with 'be'.
be + past participle is the construction for the passive voice.
Your example involves the use of the past participle in 'perfect tenses'.
Hence, we see that when the past participle is used as an adjective,
it derives from either of two principles:
from perfect tenses (the following all have active meanings):
a divorced couple--a couple who have divorced
a fallen botten- a bottle that has fallen on the ground
a retired policeman - a policeman who has retired
advanced countries - countries which have advanced to a higherr level
an escaped criminal
vanished civilisations
swollen ankles
wilted flowers
faded colours/glory
a grown-up daughter
a much-travelled man
a well-read person
recently-arrived immigrants
a frozen lake
from the passive voice:
licensed hawkers
a torn ligament
a required subject
a frightened girl
spoken English
a lost dog
home-made cakes
a recently-built house
the above-mentioned point
(and lots of others)
Of course, we can look at 'divorce' either way:
the couple (the man and the woman) have divorced---the divorced couple
the man has divorced the woman (or vice versa)---the divorced woman (or man).
Again, with ergative verbs:
a broken rod: a rod that has broken or
a rod that has been broken (by.....)
Did you know that the first line in the Christmas carol 'Joy To The World' reads:
Joy to the world! The Lord is come (old version)
(The Lord has come (modern version))
In the old version, the past participle 'come' is not used for the passive voice, but rather as an adjective to describe the state of the Lord being here as a result of His having come, in a similar fashion to:
My sons are all grown up (emphasising the current state)
( = My sons have all grown up.---emphasising the completed action)
She is retired. ( = She has retired.)
Of course, in modern English, such use of the past participle as an adjective
after 'be' in a predicative position (表語位置) in place of the predicative has/have/had + past participle is possible only with a few verbs such as the above.
While the old version reads: The Lord is come,
in modern English we don't say: The manager is come (when we mean the manager has come).
I hope the above explanations are helpful.
To return to what you say, I think the improper use you refer to is found in wrong sentences like:
An accident was happened (when we should say 'An accident has happened'.)
Right
the phrase... "the ball cannot be found in the fairway" is correct
also the use of past participle as an adjective is also common,
I'm referring to some common wrong usage such as "the shop be opened for general public" 作者: oldfella 時間: 2006-11-14 18:05
I always wondered why "the Lord is come"- thanks for this clarification. 作者: 周五一次郎 時間: 2006-11-14 21:17
A very helpful information!
Thank you very much! 作者: 白貓兒 時間: 2006-11-15 01:06
引用:
原帖由 oldfella 於 2006-11-14 10:05 AM 發表
I always wondered why "the Lord is come"- thanks for this clarification.
